After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Baghdad had become the centre of scientific studies and trade. Al-Khwārizmī accomplished most of his work between 813 and 833. Ibn al-Nadīm's Kitāb al-Fihrist includes a short biography on al-Khwārizmī together with a list of his books. This would still have been possible at that time for a man of Iranian origin, but the pious preface to al-Khwārizmī's Algebra shows that he was an orthodox Muslim, so al-Ṭabarī's epithet could mean no more than that his forebears, and perhaps he in his youth, had been Zoroastrians. Regarding al-Khwārizmī's religion, Toomer writes: Īnother epithet given to him by al-Ṭabarī, "al-Majūsī," would seem to indicate that he was an adherent of the old Zoroastrian religion. King affirms his nisba to Qutrubul, noting that he was called al-Khwārizmī al-Qutrubbulli because he was born just outside of Baghdad. with naive confidence constructed an entire fantasy on the error which cannot be denied the merit of amusing the reader.
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This would not be worth mentioning if a series of errors concerning the personality of al-Khwārizmī, occasionally even the origins of his knowledge, had not been made. There is no need to be an expert on the period or a philologist to see that al-Tabari's second citation should read "Muhammad ibn Mūsa al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli," and that there are two people (al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli) between whom the letter wa has been omitted in an early copy. The epithet al-Qutrubbulli could indicate he might instead have come from Qutrubbul (Qatrabbul), near Baghdad. His name means 'the native of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran, and is now part of Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarazm, and he is generally thought to have come from this region. Life Monument to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi at Ciudad Universitaria of Madridįew details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. He also made important contributions to trigonometry, producing accurate sine and cosine tables, and the first table of tangents. : 9 He further produced a set of astronomical tables and wrote about calendaric works, as well as the astrolabe and the sundial. In addition to his best-known works, he revised Ptolemy's Geography, listing the longitudes and latitudes of various cities and localities. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, translated into Latin by Robert of Chester in 1145, was used until the sixteenth century as the principal mathematical text-book of European universities. In the 12th century, Latin translations of his textbook on arithmetic ( Algorithmo de Numero Indorum) which codified the various Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world. His name gave rise to the terms algorism and algorithm, the Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese terms algoritmo, and the Spanish guarismo and Portuguese algarismo, both meaning " digit". The term algebra itself comes from the title of his book (the word al-jabr meaning "completion" or "rejoining"). : 14 Because he was the first to treat algebra as an independent discipline and introduced the methods of "reduction" and "balancing" (the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation), he has been described as the father or founder of algebra.
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One of his principal achievements in algebra was his demonstration of how to solve quadratic equations by completing the square, for which he provided geometric justifications. 813–833 CE : 171 ) presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. : 14Īl-Khwarizmi's popularizing treatise on algebra ( The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, c. Around 820 CE, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the library of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. 850), or al-Khwarizmi, was a Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. Treatises on algebra and Hindu–Arabic numeral system
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